Behaviors of cohesive SEDIMENTs are influenced by many physicochemical properties. In this study in order to investigate salinity effects on TIME VARIATION of suspended cohesive SEDIMENT concentration some experimental tests were conducted in an annular flume. SEDIMENT samples were composed 63.2% of clay, 36.1 %of silt and 0.7% of sand. Velocity and shear stress profiles were measured by ADV velocimeter. Duration for each experiment was 360 minutes and the equilibrium condition was occurred in ranging of 40 min to 2 hours, for different tests. The results showed that different level of salinity has similar effect on flocculation of cohesive SEDIMENTs. In a higher value of shear stress (i.e. 0.593 N/m2) the salinity hadn’t significant effect on reaching of suspended cohesive SEDIMENT to an equilibrium condition, but in a lower value of shear stress (i.e.0.299 N/m2) the salinity had more significant effect. The results also showed that in flocculation processes of cohesive SEDIMENTs shear stress was an effective parameter comparing to salinity.

As a major component of hydrological، geomorphological، and ecological functioning of rivers، suspended SEDIMENT has been identified as the leading direct cause of river instabilities. Therefore، recognizing the variability of rivers is essential to manage water resources and environmental issues. As a result، 5 storms were sampled and analyzed for 4 months in Mereg watershed from 2015 to 2016. Sampling was taken in 2 hours interval and suspended SEDIMENT concentration was obtained in the laboratory by filtration method. Estimation of temporal VARIATION of suspended SEDIMENT during storm was carried out using SEDIMENT rating curves. Different approaches were used to prepare SEDIMENT rating، including hysteresis pattern، hydrological and seasonal separation. Measured floods have the peak flows from 1. 38 to 49. 40 m3/s covering a suitable range of low to high peak flows in this river. Moreover، the peak suspended SEDIMENT concentration measured in these storms was from 1 to 15. 2 g / l. The average suspended SEDIMENT load in the study period was 15، 919 tons. Measurement of suspended SEDIMENT during winter and spring showed that the generation and transportation of suspended SEDIMENT in spring is higher than winter in the studied watershed. The fitted relationships on all rating curves was valid and had a determine coefficient higher than 0. 5 and estimated error below 50%. The results show that rating curve can provide acceptable estimate of suspended SEDIMENT load in the Mereg River without the need for classification or segmentation of rating curve.

Fluorescent monitoring of DNA amplification is the basis of real-TIME PCR. Absolute quantification can be achieved using a standard curve method. The standard curve is constructed by amplifying known amounts of standards under identical conditions to that of the samples. The objective of the current study is to propose a mathematical model to assess the acceptability of PCR resulys. Four commercial standards for HCV-RNA (hepatitis C virus RNA) along with 6 patient samples were measured by real-TIME PCR, using two different RT-PCR reagents. The standard deviation of regression (Sy,x) was calculated for each group of standard and compared by F-Test. The efficiency kinetics was computed by logistic regression,  c2 goodness of fit test was preformed to assess the appropriateness of the efficiency curves. Calculated efficiencies were not significantly different from the value predicted by logistic regression model. Reactions with more VARIATION showed less stable efficiency curves, with wider range of amplification efficiencies. Amplification efficiency kinetics can be computed by fitting a logistic regression curve to the gathered fluorescent data of each reaction. This model can be employed to assess the acceptability of PCR results calculated by standard curve method.

The amount of SEDIMENT load significantly changes along a river due to environmental effects. This variability should be considered to estimate the amount of SEDIMENT load. In this research, spatial and seasonal VARIATION of SEDIMENT load along of Gorganroud river were evaluated based on the information of 7 hydrometry stations sited in main branch of the river namely, Tamar, Hajighoshn, Gonbad, Voshmgir, Aghghala and Basirabad. Since the amount of SEDIMENT load is directly correlated with water discharge, for assuming the effect of water discharge, linear form of SEDIMENT rating curve is used where the linear form is produced by the logarithm transformation. Based on this linear relationship with possibly different slopes, the generalized analysis of covariance with logarithm of discharge as its covariate was used to compare the logarithm of SEDIMENT load as its response. In order to precisely estimate the amount of SEDIMENT load and adequately modify the SEDIMENT rating curve, the spatial comparison was drawn separately at low, middle and high rate of water discharge. Spatial evaluation demonstrated an increase in SEDIMENT load from Tamer station to Basirabad but there are some distinctive areas between mentioned stations with noticeably decreasing (80% in average) in their SEDIMENT load mainly due to reservoir building. For seasonal evaluation of SEDIMENT load, the percentage of SEDIMENT yield at different seasons was compared. This evaluation revealed that spring with at least 50% and at most 70% of total suspended SEDIMENT discharge has the highest amount of suspended SEDIMENT yield in this river.

In this study the role of hillside direction and plot length of experimental plots on the accuracy of soil erosion estimation was studied. For this purpose 12 experimental plots with length of 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 meters were established on the north and south facing hillside of Sanganeh watershed having sandy loam soil texture and mean slope of 30%, located in the northeastern part of Khorasan Razavi province. The SEDIMENT of Sanganeh watershed having an area of about 1 ha was collected in concrete ponds and was used for comparison with the test plots. During the research period (November 2006 to June 2007), 12 storms causing runoff occurred and the SEDIMENTs were collected in metal containers and were analyzed later. The results revealed that the amount of SEDIMENT per unit area collected from the south hillside plots was nonlinearly and adversely dependent on the plot length. However, the VARIATION among SEDIMENT collected from the north hillside plots was not significant due to difference in crop cover and soil type. In addition, the VARIATION in soil loss was reduced as the plot length increased. According to statistical analyses, the 20 meter plot length was found as the optimal plot length for estimation of soil erosion in the studied watershed.

Relationships between suspended SEDIMENT and rainfall in a given watershed are influenced with catchments and rainfall characteristics. Estimation of suspended SEDIMENT load causing a rainfall event is necessity in hydraulic structures. In the present study, VARIATIONs of suspended SEDIMENT for Garan river watershed (an upland river of Sirvan River in Kordastan province) were studied using 12 rainfall storm accurred during Nov. 2003 to April. 2004 and a linear TIME disc rated model. Curves showing the TIME VARIATIONs of observed SEDIMENT load were compared with the model simulated curves using the relative errors and square errors indices. Results show that the developed model could be able to predict suspended SEDIMENT load TIME VARIATION for a given rainfall event using the parameters of one hour last SEDIMENT yield, one hour last rainfall intensity, and two hour last rainfall intensity. Correlation coefficient of this relation was estimated as 95%.

Introduction: Copy number VARIATION (CNV) consist of deletion, insertion, and duplications. It is an important source of genetic VARIATION in organisms and thus influences on the gene expression and phenotypic VARIATION. Copy number VARIATION (CNV) is one of the structural variant with an intermediate size class larger than 50bp which involves unbalanced rearrangements that increase or decrease the amount of DNA (Pirooznia et al 2015, Alkan et al 2011). The size of CNVs is larger than 50bp, while smaller segments are known as insertions or deletions (indels). Thereupon these structural VARIATIONs comprise more polymorphic than SNPs because of enormity, detection of them and their effect on phenotype has caught the attention of many researchers recently. It has been reported that CNVs changes in gene dosage and regulation as well as in transcript structure, and thus contribute to phenotypic variability (Pirooznia et al 2015, Alkan et al 2011). The pea-comb phenotype is caused by a CNV mapping to intron 1 of the SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 5 (SOX5) gene (Wright et al. 2009). Late feathering in chickens is due to incomplete duplication in PRLR and SPEF2 genes (Elfrink et al. 2008). In swine, dominant white colour has been related with a duplication of a 450-kb fragment of the KIT gene (Giuffra et al. 1999) and a splice mutation causing the skipping of exon 17 (Giuffra et al. 1999). In sheep, doubling in the ASIP gene results in the regulation of pigment in body coat (Norris et al. 2008). Doubling the 4.6 k base pair into the six introns of the STX17 gene results in a gray body color in the horse with age. Deletion of the intergenic region with a length of 11.7 kbp in the goat genome leads to the removal of horns (Clop et al. 2012). Chicken is the most intensively farmed animal on earth and is a major food source with billions of birds used in meat and egg production each year. A big share of chicken CNVs involves protein coding or regulatory sequences. A comprehensive study of chicken CNV can provide valuable information on genetic diversity and assist future analyses of associations between CNV and economically important traits in chickens. Unique chicken genome with macro and micro chromosomes and its biology make it an ideal organism for studies in development and evolution, as well as applications in agriculture and medicine (Burt 2005). In the last several years, There has been an increasing interest in the study of CNVs in the chicken. This study focuses on comparison of CNV between the broilers and layers chicken to find evidence of domestication on the genome using whole genome sequencing.Material and methods: we used n=90 female birds of two commercial broiler (n=40) and layer (n=50) chicken. The broilers (BRs) were represented by 20 DNA samples of each of two lines (BRA and BRB) established independently and previously collected as part of the AVIANDIV project. In the layer group (LRs), data from 25 birds each from purebred white (WL) and brown (BL) egg laying populations, sequenced in the frame of the SYNBREED project (http://www.synbreed.tum.de/index.php?id=2 ,(were included. The paired-end reads with a read length of 101bp were mapped against the current reference genome assembly Galgal6 using the Burrows-Wheeler aligner (bwa, 0.6.2-r126 Version, with default parameters. Duplicate reads were masked during post-processing using the Picard tool set (version 2.9.2, http://picard.sourceforge.net). Finally, Genome Analysis Toolkit-3.3.0 was used to realign reads for correcting errors caused by InDels. Using GATK software package and Depth Of Coverage function (McKenna et al 2010), the depth of readings was calculated for each sample. Then filter out reads with mapping quality below 20. Because comparing the genomes of individuals in different groups was TIME consuming and computationally difficult for all parts of the genome, the genomes of each individual were divided into 1000 bp non-overlapping windows and the average reading depth per window was calculated. Then the results were normalized against the BL sample that showed highest average depth. In short, we created a correction factor per population and applied it on the depth of coverage value for each window. For all the contrasts, we performed an analysis of variance (ANOVA) as described (Carneiro et al 2014). For the Broilers-Layers contrast we scanned 935247 windows. 70372 windows showed significant by FDR with P < 0.001, with ANOVA using the Benjamini-Hochberg FDR method for multiple corrections (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995).Results and discussion: Mapping sequencing data to galGal6 assembly showed an average 98.61% mapping rate and 11.51 depth. Manhattan plot was plotted for regions of the genome that differed significantly between the two groups (FDR = 0.001). The points above the hypothetical line were identified and examined in a 25 Kbp confidence interval to identify possible genes. 39 regions were identified that half of them dose not contain any genes. Although Long noncoding RNAs are under lower selective pressure than protein-coding genes (Batista and Chang 2013), The other 11 regions contained 16 genes related to long non-coding RNAs. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a critical role in organizing the 3-dimensional genome architecture and regulating gene activity in cis or in trans through multiple mechanisms (Zhang et al 2019, Batista and Chang 2013). 6 othere regions also contained 12 coding genes. Most of the identified genes were somehow linked to the immune system disease or cancer. Genes such as DEDs and TNFAIP8 are involved in programmed cell death (apoptosis) and two genes NPAL3 and RCAN, which are involved in the immune system, had a copy number VARIATION in the studied samples. In addition RCAN is involved in Down syndrome. The PFDN gene, located on chromosome 25, is also involved in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.

Erosion rate has temporal variability and shows a cyclic fluctuation in each year as well as the factors influence it due to the seasonality of climate. This study was done to determine the seasonal variability of rainfall erosivity and suspended SEDIMENT and also to found out critical TIMEs in term of erosion risk in Kasiliyan watershed. The appropriate indices of monthly rainfall erosivity were determined for the aforementioned watershed based on regression analysis between EI30 and several easily accessible indices for 27 rain gauges inside and around the watershed. Finally, monthly maps of erosivity were produced by Kriging method. For estimating the suspended SEDIMENT, we used a combination of SEDIMENT rating curve of mean loads within discharge classes and average daily discharge data. Then, correlation between monthly SEDIMENT loads and corresponding erosivities was investigated. The results showed a strong seasonality for both rainfall erosivity and suspended SEDIMENT. Two peaks were observed in annual erosivity/precipitation in Kasilian basin, one in the late fall in Aban and Azar (Iranian month equal to Oct.23 to Nov.21) which was 41 MJmmha-1h-1 and another in spring in Farvardin (Iranian month equal to Mar.21 to Apr.20 which was 24 MJmm ha-1h-1). A change in precipitation type (rain to snow) due to the change in temperature is a possible reason for lower rainfall erosivity during winter. In contrast, the suspended SEDIMENT showed just one peak during spring in Farvardin (equal to Mar.21 to Apr.20 which was 13175 ton). Absorption of early rains by dry soils in the fall is most probable reason for little runoff and consequently low rate of SEDIMENT (3300 ton during Aban) in the outlet of watershed.

Accelerated soil erosion is the most important degradation factor of soil and water resources. Typically, soil erosion involves the detachment and transport of soil particles by rainfall, shallow surface flow or the interaction of these two factors. Therefore, understanding the motion threshold of SEDIMENT particles and temporal VARIATION of SEDIMENT concentration in flow-induced can provide a detailed cognition of the processes inducing soil erosion and SEDIMENT transport and their eventual interactions. It is also important for increasing the accuracy of soil erosion models. In this study, the particle motion threshold and temporal VARIATION of SEDIMENT were studied for a sandy sample at three slopes; 3. 1, 5. 9, 8. 9% and-dunder three flow discharges of 4. 78, 7. 12 and 9. 05 (×10-5 m2 s-1). This study was carried out in the laboratory conditions using a flume with 240 cm long by 40 cm width. The results showed that the Shields curve is not suitable for this study to determine the motion threshold. The threshold stream power of particle motion was determined 0. 035 W m-2. Also, with increasing slope and consequently increasing stream power up to 0. 05 W m-2, the erosion intensity increased and soil erosion changed from sheet erosion to rill erosion. The results indicate that the formation and development of rill erosion would be the main factor for soil loss and SEDIMENT production in hillslopes. Therefore, prevention of rill formation by strip croping, terracing and terrace farming is an effective strategy for soil conservation.